Stent

ABSTRACT

A radially expandable stent comprising a plurality of spaced band-like elements and intersecting links is disclosed. The band-like elements have a generally serpentine configuration to provide continuous waves of generally sinusoidal character to each band-like element. The waves are characterized by a plurality of peaks and troughs taking a generally longitudinal direction along the cylinder such that the waves in the band-like elements open as the stent is expanded from a first diameter to a second diameter. The intersecting links are substantially U-shaped and terminate in first and second shanks. The first shank of a link emanates from a region between a peak and trough on a band-like element and the second shank of the link emanates from a region between a peak and trough on an adjacent band-like element.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] This invention relates to an endoprosthesis device for implantation within a body vessel, typically a blood vessel. More specifically, it relates to a tubular expandable stent of improved longitudinal flexibility.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Stents are placed or implanted within a blood vessel for treating stenoses, strictures or aneurysms therein. They are implanted to reinforce collapsing, partially occluded, weakened, or dilated sections of a blood vessel. They have also been implanted in the urinary tract and in bile ducts.

[0003] Typically, a stent will have an unexpanded (closed) diameter for placement and an expanded (opened) diameter after placement in the vessel or the duct. Some stents are self-expanding and some are expanded mechanically with radial outward force from within the stent, as by inflation of a balloon.

[0004] An example of the latter type is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,733,665 to Palmaz, which issued Mar. 29, 1988, and discloses a number of stent configurations for implantation with the aid of a catheter. The catheter includes an arrangement wherein a balloon inside the stent is inflated to expand the stent by plastically deforming it, after positioning it within a blood vessel.

[0005] A type of self-expanding stent is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,503,569 to Dotter which issued Mar. 12, 1985, and discloses a shape memory stent which expands to an implanted configuration with a change in temperature. Other types of self-expanding stents not made of shape memory material are also known.

[0006] This invention is directed to stents of all these types when configured so as to be longitudinally flexible as described in detail hereinbelow. Flexibility is a desirable feature in a stent so as to conform to bends in a vessel. Such stents are known in the prior art. Examples are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,856,516 to Hillstead; U.S. Pat. No. 5,104,404 to Wolff; U.S. Pat. No. 4,994,071 to MacGregor; U.S. Pat. No. 5,102,417 to Palmaz; U.S. Pat. No. 5,195,984 to Schatz; U.S. Pat. No. 5,135,536 to Hillstead; U.S. Pat. 5,354,309 to Shepp-Pesch et al.; EPO Pat. Application 0 540 290 A2 to Lau; EPO Pat. Application No. 0 364 787 B1 to Schatz, and PCT Application WO 94/17754 (also identified as German Pat. Application 43 03 181).

[0007] Generally speaking, these kinds of stents are articulated and are usually formed of a plurality of aligned, expandable, relatively inflexible, circular segments which are interconnected by flexible elements to form a generally tubular body which is capable of a degree of articulation or bending. Unfortunately, a problem with such stents is that binding, overlapping or interference can occur between adjacent segments on the inside of a bend due to the segments moving toward each other and into contact. Moreover, on the outside of a bend, the segments can move away from each other, leaving large gaps. This can lead to improper vessel support, vessel trauma, flow disturbance, kinking, balloon burst during expansion, and difficult recross for devices to be installed through already implanted devices and to unsupported regions of vessel.

[0008] A diamond configuration with diagonal connections between each and every diamond of each segment is also known but such closed configurations lack flexibility.

[0009] Such stents also suffer from the problem of shortening upon radial expansion. As the stent expands radially, it contracts lengthwise.

[0010] It is an object of this invention to provide a stent with a distributed structure which is longitudinally flexible that avoids these problems and exhibits improved flexibility in the stent body segments thereof rather than in flexible joints between the segments. It is a further object to provide stents that exhibit a desired lengthening or a desired shortening on radial expansion as well as stents which exhibit substantially no shortening or lengthening on radial expansion.

[0011] It is a further object of the present invention to provide a stent formed of a series of interconnected flexible cells.

[0012] It should be noted that for the purposes of this invention, the phrase generally sinusoidal is intended to include waves characterized by sine and cosine functions as well as waves which are not rigorously characterized by those functions, but nevertheless resemble such waves. In a more general way, such waves include those which are characterized as having one or more peaks and troughs. As an example, a wave whose peaks and troughs are U shaped or bulbous is intended to be included. Also intended to be included, without limiting the definition, are waves which are more triangular in shape such as a saw-tooth wave or waves whose peaks and troughs are rectangular.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

[0013] The present invention provides a radially expandable stent having first and second ends and a longitudinal axis. The stent comprises a plurality of spaced band-like elements forming a hollow cylinder. The band-like elements are arranged sequentially along the cylinder and each band-like element comprises one or more sub-elements having a generally serpentine configuration to provide continuous waves to each sub-element. The waves are characterized by a plurality of peaks and troughs taking a generally longitudinal direction along the cylinder such that the waves in the sub-elements open as the stent is expanded from a first diameter to a second diameter. Adjacent band-like elements in the stent are connected together by one or more links. Each link has at least one bend therein and terminates in first and second shanks. The first shank of each link emanates from a region of attachment between a peak and trough on a sub-element of a band-like element while the second shank of each link emanates from a region of attachment between a peak and trough on a sub-element of an adjacent band-like element. The first shanks attached to any given sub-element of a band-like element are spaced substantially one wavelength or more apart along the sub-element of a band-like element. Likewise, the second shanks attached to any given sub-element of a band-like element are spaced substantially one wavelength or more apart along the sub-element of the band-like element.

[0014] The present invention is also directed to a radially expandable stent comprising a plurality of spaced band-like elements forming a hollow cylinder. The band-like elements are arranged sequentially along the cylinder. Each band-like element has a generally serpentine configuration to provide continuous waves of generally sinusoidal character to each band-like element. The waves are characterized by a plurality of peaks and troughs taking a generally longitudinal direction along the cylinder, the peaks and troughs having a midpoint region midway between them, such that the waves in the band-like elements open as the stent is expanded from a first diameter to a second diameter. The stent further comprises one or more spaced generally longitudinal elements extending from the first end of the stent to the second end of the stent and having alternating peaks and troughs and longitudinal transition regions midway between adjacent peaks and troughs. Adjacent longitudinal elements are in phase with one another. Each generally longitudinal element intersects each band-like element in a region of intersection, which includes a region between a peak and a trough on a band-like element, and a transition region of a longitudinal element. Adjacent longitudinal elements intersect each band-like element at least one wavelength apart along the band-like element.

[0015] The present invention is further directed to an expandable stent which in expanded form comprises a plurality of flexible connected primary cells. Each primary cell comprises a first member having first and second ends extending in a direction generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the stent and having a serpentine shape. The first members each have one peak and one trough, the peak and trough taking a generally longitudinal direction along the stent. Each primary cell further comprises a second member having first and second ends extending in a direction generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, and having a serpentine shape. The second members have one peak and one trough, the peak and trough taking a generally longitudinal direction along the stent. The second member is situated generally opposite the first member and is optionally out of phase with the first member. The primary cells also comprise a first link having a first end and a second end, and extending in a generally longitudinal direction. The first link has at least one bend therein and is disposed between the first end of the first member and the first end of the second member. The first end of the first link is attached to the first end of the first member and the second end of the first link is attached to the first end of the second member. Finally, each primary cell comprises a second link having a first end and a second end, extending in a generally longitudinal direction. The second link has at least one bend therein and is disposed between the second end of the first member and the second end of the second member. The first end of the second link is attached to second end of the first member and the second end of the second link is attached to the second end of the second member. The second link is in phase with the first link. The primary cells are arranged in one or more primary bands and adjacent primary bands are interconnected. Primary cells in adjacent bands may optionally be offset relative to one another along the bands.

[0016] Optionally, the stent may further comprise secondary bands comprised of secondary cells, the secondary bands alternating with the primary bands.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0017]FIG. 1 shows a tubular, unexpanded stent according to the invention.

[0018]FIG. 2 shows a flat view of the pattern used in the stent shown in FIG. 1.

[0019]FIG. 3 shows an expanded stent of the configuration shown in FIG. 1.

[0020]FIG. 4a shows a flat view of an alternate unexpanded stent configuration according to the invention.

[0021]FIG. 4b shows a flat view of an alternate unexpanded stent configuration according to the invention.

[0022]FIG. 4c shows a flat view of an alternate unexpanded stent configuration according to the invention.

[0023]FIG. 4d shows a flat view of an alternate unexpanded stent configuration according to the invention.

[0024]FIG. 4e shows a flat view of an alternate unexpanded stent configuration according to the invention.

[0025]FIG. 4f shows a flat view of an alternate unexpanded stent configuration according to the invention.

[0026]FIG. 4g shows a flat view of an alternate unexpanded stent configuration according to the invention.

[0027]FIG. 4h shows a flat view of an alternate unexpanded stent configuration according to the invention.

[0028]FIG. 4i shows a flat view of an alternate unexpanded stent configuration according to the invention.

[0029]FIG. 5 shows an enlarged view of the circled region in FIG. 4a.

[0030]FIG. 6a shows a flat view of an alternate unexpanded stent configuration according to the invention.

[0031]FIG. 6b shows an expanded stent of the configuration shown in FIG. 6a.

[0032]FIG. 6c shows a flat view of an alternate unexpanded stent configuration according to the invention.

[0033]FIG. 7a shows a flat view of an alternate unexpanded stent configuration according to the invention.

[0034]FIG. 7b shows an expanded stent of the configuration shown in FIG. 7a.

[0035]FIG. 8 shows a flat view of an alternate unexpanded stent configuration according to the invention.

[0036]FIG. 9 shows a flat view of an alternate unexpanded stent configuration according to the invention.

[0037]FIG. 10 shows a flat view of an alternate unexpanded stent configuration according to the invention.

[0038]FIG. 11 shows a flat view of an alternate unexpanded stent configuration according to the invention.

[0039]FIG. 12 shows a flat view of an alternate unexpanded stent configuration according to the invention.

[0040]FIG. 13 shows a flat view of an alternate unexpanded stent configuration according to the invention.

[0041]FIG. 14 shows a flat view of an alternate unexpanded stent configuration according to the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0042] While this invention may be embodied in many different forms, there are described in detail herein specific preferred embodiments of the invention. This description is an exemplification of the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the particular embodiments illustrated.

[0043] For the sake of consistency, the terms ‘peak’ and ‘trough’ shall be defined with respect to the proximal and distal ends of the stent. As seen in the Figures, each of the stents has a proximal end designated by a numeral ending in 73 (e.g., 173) and a distal end designated by a numeral ending in 74 (e.g. 174). Peaks are concave relative to the proximal end of the stent and convex relative to the distal end of the stent. Troughs, on the other hand, are convex relative to the proximal end of the stent and concave relative to the distal end of the stent.

[0044] Moreover, for the sake of clarity, the terms ‘peak’ are ‘trough’ in reference to a band-like element or sub-element are intended to include not only the point(s) of maximum or minimum amplitude on a band-like element, but also a small region around the maximum or minimum. More precisely, in the case of peaks, the ‘small region’ around the maximum is intended to include any point along the band-like element which is distal of a line extending through the innermost part of the band-like element at the maximum amplitude and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the stent up to the peak itself. In the case of troughs, the ‘small region’ around the minimum is intended to include any point along the band-like element which is proximal of a line extending through the innermost part of the band-like element at the minimum amplitude and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the stent up to the trough itself. As seen in FIG. 1, each peak 124 has an innermost part of the peak 125 which lies on the inside of the band-like element opposite the peak and each trough 128 has an innermost part 127. Peak region 131, shaded for illustrative purpose in one instance, is seen to be that region of the band-like element that extends distal to innermost part 125 and line 131 extending through innermost part 125 perpendicular to longitudinal axis 101. Similarly trough region 133 shaded for illustrative purpose in one instance, is seen to be that region of the band-like element that extends proximal to innermost part 127 and line 129 extending through innermost part 127 perpendicular to longitudinal axis 101.

[0045] Turning to the Figures, FIG. 2 shows generally at 105 a fragmentary flat view of an unexpanded stent configuration. An actual inventive tubular stent in unexpanded form is shown generally at 110 in FIG. 1. The stent is shown for clarity in FIG. 2 in the flat and may be made from flat pattern 105, shown generally in FIG. 2, which is formed into a tubular shape by rolling the pattern so as to bring edges 112 and 114 together. The edges may then be joined as by welding or the like to provide a configuration such as that showed in FIG. 1. The stent may also be formed of a laser-cut tube.

[0046] The configuration can be seen in these Figures to be made up of a plurality of spaced band-like elements, generally indicated at 116, forming a hollow cylinder 120. Band-like elements 116 comprise one or more sub-elements. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, each band-like element 116 is formed of one sub-element 117 although in other embodiments the band-like elements may be formed of multiple sub-elements. Sub-elements 117 are arranged sequentially along cylinder 120, as shown in FIG. 1. Each sub-element 117 has a generally serpentine configuration to provide continuous waves of generally sinusoidal character to each sub element 117, the waves being characterized by a plurality of peaks 124 and troughs 128 taking a generally longitudinal direction along cylinder 120. As the stent is expanded from a first diameter to a second diameter, the waves in sub-elements open.

[0047] The inventive stents further comprise a plurality of links, each link having at least one bend therein. In the embodiment of FIG. 2, U-shaped links 132 connect adjacent band-like elements 116 together. Although substantially U-shaped, links 132 may be rounded or square or pointed or the like. As shown in FIGS. 1-3, links 132 extending between adjacent bands 116 are arranged to form rows 142 of links 132. Links in adjacent rows are 180° out of phase with one another. Links 132 terminate in first 136 and second 140 shanks. As shown in FIG. 2, the first shank 136 of a link 132 emanates from a region 133 between a peak 124 and trough 128 on a band-like element 116 and the second shank 140 of the link 132 emanates from a region 135 between a peak 124 and trough 128 on an adjacent band-like element. First shanks 136 attached to any given sub-element of a band-like element are spaced substantially one wavelength apart along the sub-element of the band-like element and similarly, second shanks 140 attached to any given sub-element of a band-like element are spaced substantially one wavelength apart along the sub-element of the band-like element.

[0048] Although first shank 136 and second shank 140 are substantially perpendicular to the bands in the region of intersection between the shanks and the bands as depicted in FIGS. 1-2, this is not a requirement of the invention. As such, the first and second shanks may be angled at some other acute angle.

[0049] A minimum of one link 132 is required to connect adjacent band-like elements. Preferably, there will be a one-to-one correspondence between links and peaks (or troughs). Of course, any number of links intermediate between 1 and the number requisite for a one-to-one correspondence of peaks (troughs) and links may be used as well to join adjacent band-like elements.

[0050] For the sake of completeness, the stent of FIG. 2 is shown generally at 110 in FIG. 3 in its expanded state. As shown in FIG. 3, the ‘U’ shaped links assume an ‘M’ shape as a result of the expansion of the stent. The ‘M’ shaped links are shown at 148.

[0051] The stent of FIGS. 1-3 may also be seen to be formed of a plurality of band-like elements 116 and a plurality of spaced generally longitudinal elements 172 (one of which is highlighted for clarity in FIG. 2). As shown in FIG. 2, longitudinal elements 172 extend from the first end 173 of the stent to the second end 174 of the stent and have alternating peaks 175 and troughs 176 and longitudinal transition regions 177 midway between adjacent peaks 175 and troughs 176. Adjacent longitudinal elements 172 are in phase with one another. Each generally longitudinal element 172 intersects each band-like element 116 in a region of intersection 178, the region of intersection including a region between a peak and a trough on a band-like element, and a transition region 177 of a longitudinal element 172.

[0052] The stent, as seen in FIGS. 1 and 2, may also seen to be comprised of a plurality of flexible connected primary cells 180. Each primary cell 180 has a first member 181 having first 182 and second 183 ends extending in a direction generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. First member 181 has a serpentine shape with one peak 124 and one trough 128. Peak 124 and trough 128 take a generally longitudinal direction along the stent. Each primary cell 180 further has a second member 184 having first 185 and second 186 ends and extending in a direction generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. Second member 184 has a serpentine shape and has one peak 124 and one trough 128. Peak 124 and trough 128 take a generally longitudinal direction along the stent. Second member 184 is situated generally opposite first member 181, and is out of phase with first member 181 by 180°. Extending between first member 181 and second member 184 is a first link 187 having a first end 188 and a second end 189. First link 187 extends in a generally longitudinal direction, and has at least one bend therein. First end 188 of first link 187 is attached to first end 182 of first member 181. Second end 189 of first link 187 is attached to first end 185 of second member 184. Finally, extending between first member 181 and second member 184, and parallel to first link 187 is second link 190 having a first end 191 and a second end 192. First end 191 of second link 190 is attached to second end 183 of first member 181 and second end 192 of second link 190 is attached to second end 186 of second member 184. Second link 190 is in phase with first link 187. Primary cells 180 are arranged in one or more primary bands, shown generally at 193 and adjacent primary bands are interconnected.

[0053] Although first shank 136 and second shank 140 of links 132 are depicted in FIG. 2 as extending from regions substantially opposite each other on adjacent band-like elements, the regions need not be substantially opposite one another but rather, may be displaced relative to one another on their respective band-like elements. Depending on the circumferential displacement between the first and second shanks of a given link, and the relative phasing of adjacent band-like elements, the first and second shanks will either be oriented substantially in the same direction or substantially in the opposite direction. For the sake of this invention, first shanks 136 and second shanks 140 associated with links 132 as shown in FIG. 2 are considered to be oriented in substantially the same direction. Both shanks are oriented upward.

[0054] In FIG. 4a, on the other hand, first shanks 236 a and second shanks 240 a of each link 232 a are considered to be oriented in substantially opposite directions. One shank is oriented upward while the other shank is oriented downward. In the specific embodiment shown in FIG. 4a, first shank 236 a of each link 232 a extends from a first region 244 a on a first band-like element 252 a and second shank 240 a of each link 232 a extends from a second region 248 a on an adjacent band-like element 256 a, with second region 248 a situated opposite a region one half wavelength further along first band-like element 252 a from first region 244 a. Of course, the half wavelength separation of FIG. 4a is meant to be exemplary of a more general class of stents in which one shank of a link is oriented upward and one shank of a link is oriented downward. As such, other separations between the regions of attachment of the first and second shanks are contemplated as well.

[0055]FIGS. 4b-f show embodiments in which first and second shanks are oriented in substantially the same direction, as in FIG. 2, and in which the first and second shanks of a link are displaced circumferentially. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4b, first shank 236 b of each link 232 b extends from a first region 244 b on a first band-like element 252 b and second shank 240 b of each link 232 b extends from a second region 248 b on an adjacent band-like element 256 b, with second region 248 b situated opposite a region one wavelength further along first band-like element 252 b from first region 244 b. All links 232 b are similarly oriented. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4c, first shank 236 c of each link 232 c extends from a first region 244 c on a first band-like element 252 c and second shank 240 c of each link 232 c extends from a second region 248 b on an adjacent band-like element 256 c, with second region 248 b situated opposite a region two wavelengths further along first band-like element 252 c from first region 244 c. As in FIG. 4b, all links 232 c are similarly oriented. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4d, first shank 236 d of each link 232 d extends from a first region 244 d on a first band-like element 252 d and second shank 240 d of each link 232 d extends from a second region 248 d on an adjacent band-like element 256 d, with second region 248 d situated opposite a region one wavelength further along first band-like element 252 d from first region 244 d. FIG. 4d differs from FIG. 4b in that adjacent rows of links 233 d and 235 d are out of phase with one another in FIG. 4d where they are in phase in FIG. 4b. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4e, first shank 236 e of each link 232 e extends from a first region 244 e on a first band-like element 252 e and second shank 240 e of each link 232 e extends from a second region 248 e on an adjacent band-like element 256 e, with second region 248 e situated opposite a region one wavelength further along first band-like element 252 e from first region 244 e. As in FIG. 4d, adjacent rows of links 233 e and 235 e are out of phase with one another. It should also be noted that in the pattern in FIG. 4e, unlike in FIG. 4d, links 232 e are seen to form a continuous path across the stent from first end 273 e to second end 274 e of the stent.

[0056] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4f, first shank 236 f of each link 232 f extends from a first region 244 f on a first band-like element 252 f and second shank 240 f of each link 232 f extends from a second region 248 f on an adjacent band-like element 256 f, with second region 248 f situated opposite a region one wavelength further along first band-like element 252 f from first region 244 f. Adjacent rows of links 233 f and 235 f are out of phase with one another. It should also be noted that in the pattern in FIG. 4f, links 232 f are seen to form a continuous substantially helical path across the stent from first end 273 f to second end 274 f of the stent.

[0057] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4g, first shank 236 g of each link 232 g extends from a first region 244 g on a first band-like element 252 g and second shank 240 g of each link 232 g extends from a second region 248 g on an adjacent band-like element 256 g, with second region 248 g situated opposite a region one-half wavelength further along first band-like element 252 g from first region 244 g. Adjacent rows of links 233 g and 235 g are out of phase with one another.

[0058] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4h, first shank 236 h of each link 232 h extends from a first region 244 h on a first band-like element 252 h and second shank 240 h of each link 232 h extends from a second region 248 h on an adjacent band-like element 256 h, with second region 248 h situated opposite a region one-half wavelength further along first band-like element 252 h from first region 244 h. Links in adjacent rows of links 233 h and 235 h are similarly oriented. It should also be noted that in the pattern in FIG. 4h, links 232 h are seen to form a continuous helical path across the stent from first end 273 h to second end 274 h of the stent.

[0059] Finally, FIG. 4i presents an embodiment which is a mirror image of the stent of FIG. 4h. First shank 236 i of each link 232 i extends from a first region 244 i on a first band-like element 252 i and second shank 240 i of each link 232 i extends from a second region 248 i on an adjacent band-like element 256 i, with second region 248 i situated opposite a region one-half wavelength further along first band-like element 252 i from first region 244 i. Links in adjacent rows of links 233 i and 235 i are similarly oriented. It should also be noted that in the pattern in FIG. 4i, links 232 i are seen to form a continuous helical path across the stent from first end 273 i to second end 274 i of the stent.

[0060]FIGS. 4g-i are similar to FIG. 4a in that one shank of a link is oriented upward and one shank of a link is oriented downward.

[0061] As in FIGS. 1-3, in the embodiments of FIGS. 4a-i, each band-like element consists of one sub-element and as such, the sub-element is indistinguishable from the band-like element. Further, as in the stent of FIGS. 1-3, the links in adjacent rows of links in FIGS. 4a and 4 d are 180° out of phase with one another. In FIGS. 4b and 4 c, on the other hand, the links in adjacent rows of links are in phase with one another.

[0062] The stent of FIG. 4a may also seen to be formed of a plurality of band-like elements 216 a and a plurality of spaced generally longitudinal elements 272 a (one of which is highlighted, for the sake of clarity). Longitudinal elements 272 a extending from the first end 273 a of the stent to the second end 274 a of the stent and having alternating peaks 275 a and troughs 276 a and longitudinal transition regions 277 a midway between adjacent peaks 275 a and troughs 276 a. Adjacent longitudinal elements 272 a are in phase with one another. Each generally longitudinal element 272 a intersects each band-like element 216 a in a region of intersection 278 a, the region of intersection including a region between a peak and a trough on a band-like element, and a transition region 277 a of a longitudinal element 272 a. Longitudinal elements 272 a are seen to proceed across the stent in a generally diagonal fashion.

[0063]FIG. 5 shows an enlarged portion of the pattern shown in FIG. 4a. Link 232 extends from a region 233 on a band-like element substantially midway between a peak 224 and an adjacent trough 228 to a region 235 substantially midway between a peak 224 and an adjacent trough 228 on an adjacent band-like element.

[0064] In another embodiment, as shown generally at 310 a in FIG. 6a, links in adjacent rows are in phase with one another. Links 332 a extending between adjacent band-like elements 316 a are arranged to form rows 342 a of links 332 a. The links, in this case, are all identically oriented. Of course, other arrangements are possible as well, such as alternating the phase of the links by 180 degrees every ‘n’th row where n is an integer, or having a block of rows with the links oriented in one way followed by a block of rows with the links oriented in the opposite direction.

[0065]FIG. 6b shows a tubular stent formed with the pattern of FIG. 6a, after expansion. The stent, shown generally at 310 b comprises links 332 b extending between adjacent band-like elements 316 b are arranged to form rows 342 b of links 332 b which are all identically oriented. The stent of FIG. 6b may also be seen to be formed of a plurality of interconnected cells 380 b, each cell having a first corner 381 b, a second corner 382 b, a third corner 383 b and a fourth corner 384 b. The third and fourth corners of primary cells and the first and second corners of abutting primary cells in adjacent bands are displaced relative to one or another by half a primary cell so that as one traverses the stent from proximal end 373 b to distal end 374 b, the cells are staggered. As seen in FIG. 6b, each cell 380 b is oriented in a direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis. Stated differently, links 332 b which form the sides of cells 380 b are oriented in a overall direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis minimizing torsional stresses within the stent.

[0066] In another embodiment, as shown in FIG. 6c, the stent, shown generally at 310 c in flat pattern, is similar to the stent of FIG. 6a. The stent is formed of interconnected band-like elements 316 c (in this embodiment the band-like element is identical to the sub-element, there being only one sub-element). Band-like elements 316 c are wave-like, having peaks 324 c and troughs 328 c. Adjacent band-like elements 316 c are interconnected by substantially ‘U’ shaped links 332 c. The links 332 c that interconnect a given set of adjacent band-like elements 316 c form a row 342 c. The stent is comprised of one or more of such rows. The stent of FIG. 6c differs, however, from the stent of FIG. 6a in two aspects. First, adjacent rows 342 c of links 332 c are 180° out of phase with one another. And second, the first shank 336 c of each link 332 c extends from a first region of intersection 355 c on a band-like element 316 c and the second shank 340 c of each link 332 c extends from a region of intersection 360 c on an adjacent band-like element 316 c, the region of intersection 360 c on the adjacent band-like element 316 c situated opposite a region 370 c one half wavelength further along the first band-like element from the first region of intersection 355 c.

[0067] The stent of FIG. 6c may also be seen to be formed of a plurality of interconnected cells 380 c, each cell having a first corner 381 c, a second corner 382 c, a third corner 383 c and a fourth corner 384 c. The third and fourth corners of primary cells and the first and second corners of abutting primary cells in adjacent bands are displaced relative to one or another by half a primary cell so that as one traverses the stent from proximal end 373 c to distal end 374 c, the cells are staggered. Although not shown, the cells of a tubular stent formed according to the pattern of FIG. 6c, upon expansion of the stent are oriented in a direction which is skewed relative to the longitudinal axis of the stent, leading to torsional stresses within the stent.

[0068] In another embodiment, as shown in FIG. 7a, the stent in flat form, shown generally at 405 a is seen to be made up of a plurality of spaced band-like elements, generally indicated at 416 a consisting of one sub-element. In the present embodiment, the sub-element is identical to the band-like element. The stent comprises end band-like elements 417 a located at either end of the stent and intermediate band-like elements 418 a disposed between end band-like elements 417 a. Each band-like element 416 a has a generally serpentine configuration to provide continuous waves of generally sinusoidal character to each band-like element 416 a, the waves being characterized by a plurality of peaks 424 a and troughs 428 a taking a generally longitudinal direction along the stent. As the stent is expanded from a first diameter to a second diameter, the waves in band-like elements open. The stent further comprises a plurality of substantially U-shaped links 432 a connect adjacent band-like elements 416 a together. Links 432 a extending between adjacent band-like elements 416 a are arranged to form rows 442 a of links 432 a. Links in adjacent rows are 180° out of phase with one another. Links 432 a terminate in first 436 a and second 440 a shanks.

[0069] For each first shank 436 a attached to an intermediate band-like element 418 a between a peak 424 a and a trough 428 a, there is a second shank 440 a across the intermediate band-like element 418 a and displaced from first shank 436 a and located between the same peak and trough as is first shank 436 a. First shanks 436 a attached to any given band-like element 416 a are spaced substantially one wavelength apart along the band-like element and similarly, second shanks 440 a attached to any given band-like element 416 a are spaced substantially one wavelength apart along the band-like element.

[0070] The stent of FIG. 7a may also seen to be formed of a plurality of band-like elements 416 a and a plurality of spaced generally longitudinal elements 472 a (one of which is highlighted for the sake of clarity). Longitudinal elements 472 a extending from the first end 473 a of the stent to the second end 474 a of the stent and having alternating peaks 475 a and troughs 476 a and longitudinal transition regions 477 a midway between adjacent peaks 475 a and troughs 476 a. Adjacent longitudinal elements 472 a are in phase with one another. Each generally longitudinal element 472 a intersects each band-like element 416 a in a region of intersection 478 a, the region of intersection including a region between a peak and a trough on a band-like element, and a transition region 477 a of a longitudinal element 472 a.

[0071]FIG. 7b shows a tubular stent generally at 410 b, the stent formed of the configuration of FIG. 7a, in expanded form. The expanded stent is seen to comprise band-like elements 416 b joined together by links 432 b. Links 432 b correspond to the substantially U-shaped links 432 a of the unexpanded stent and are seen to open upon expansion of the stent.

[0072] In the expanded form, the stent can also clearly be seen to comprise a plurality of interconnected cells 480 b, each cell having a first corner 481 b, a second corner 482 b, a third corner 483 b and a fourth corner 484 b. Links 432 b forming the sides of cells 480 b are seen to be substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis. As such, each cell is substantially aligned in the longitudinal direction. The third and fourth corners of primary cells and the first and second corners of abutting primary cells in adjacent bands are displaced only slightly relative to one or another so that as one traverses the stent from proximal end 473 b to distal end 474 b, the progression of cells from one end to the other end is slightly skewed relative to the longitudinal axis of the stent due to an artifact associated with the expansion of the balloon used to expand the stent.

[0073] In another embodiment shown in FIG. 8 the stent, shown generally at 510, is similar to the stent of FIG. 6c, differing, however, in one aspect. Links 532 connecting adjacent band-like elements 516 are zig-zag shaped. As with the stent of FIG. 7, the phase of links 532 in adjacent rows 542 differs by 180°. Similarly, first shanks 536 and second shanks 540 are separated by a half of a wavelength along each of the intermediate band-like elements 517. Intermediate band-like elements are defined as the band-like elements between the first band-like element 516 in the stent and the final band-like element 516 in the stent.

[0074] The stent of FIG. 8 is also seen to be formed of primary cells 580 consisting of first member 581 and second member 584 joined together by first link 587 and second link 590. First link 587 and second link 590 are seen to be parallel.

[0075] In yet another embodiment shown in FIG. 9, the stent in flat form, shown generally at 605 is seen to be made up of a plurality of spaced band-like elements, 616 consisting of two interconnected sub-elements 617 and 618. Each sub-element 617 and 618 has a generally serpentine configuration. Sub-elements 617 and 618 are arranged 180° out of phase relative to one another, peaks 621 of first sub-elements 617 connected to troughs 623 of second sub-elements 618 so as to form band-like elements 616. Adjacent band-like elements 616 are in phase with one another and are interconnected by “U” shaped links 632. As with the stent of FIG. 6b, the first shank 636 of each link 632 extends from a first region of intersection 655 on a band-like element 616 and the second shank 640 of each link 632 extends from a region of intersection 660 on an adjacent band-like element 616, the region of intersection 660 on the adjacent band-like element 616 situated opposite a region 670 one half wavelength (based on the wavelength of the band-like element) further along the first band-like element from the first region of intersection 655.

[0076] The stent of FIG. 9 is also seen to be formed of primary cells 680 consisting of first member 681 and second member 684 joined together by first link 687 and second link 690. First link 687 and second link 690 are seen to be parallel. Primary cells 680 are arranged in primary bands shown generally at 693 and are interconnected with diamond shaped secondary cells 694, arranged in secondary bands, shown generally at 695. Primary 693 and secondary bands 694 alternate along the length of the stent.

[0077] While adjacent band-like elements are depicted in FIGS. 1-9 as being out of phase with one another by 180°, adjacent band-like elements may be in phase, as shown in FIG. 10-14 or may have their phases differ by intermediate amounts. FIG. 10 shows a portion of an inventive stent in the flat. As seen in FIG. 10, first shank 736 of each link 732 extends from a first region 744 on a first band-like element 752 and second shank 740 of each link 732 extends from a second region 748 on an adjacent band-like element 756, with second region 748 situated substantially opposite first region 744. First shanks 736 and second shanks 740 of each link 732, however, are oppositely oriented. Links in adjacent rows of links 733 and 735 are similarly oriented. It should also be noted that in the pattern in FIG. 10, links 732 are seen to form a continuous path across the stent from first end 773 to second end 774 of the stent.

[0078]FIG. 11 shows a portion of an inventive stent in the flat. As seen in FIG. 11, first shank 836 of each link 832 extends from a first region 844 on a first band-like element 852 and second shank 840 of each link 832 extends from a second region 848 on an adjacent band-like element 856, with second region 848 situated substantially opposite first region 844. First shanks 836 and second shanks 840 of each link 832, however, are oppositely oriented. Links in adjacent rows of links 833 and 835 are similarly oriented. It should also be noted that in the pattern in FIG. 11, links 832 are seen to form a continuous path across the stent from first end 873 to second end 874 of the stent.

[0079]FIG. 12 shows a portion of an inventive stent in the flat. As seen in FIG. 12, first shank 936 of each link 932 extends from a first region 944 on a first band-like element 952 and second shank 940 of each link 932 extends from a second region 948 on an adjacent band-like element 956, with second region 948 situated substantially opposite first region 944. First shanks 936 and second shanks 940 of each link 932, however, are oppositely oriented. Links in adjacent rows of links 933 and 935 are similarly oriented. It should also be noted that in the pattern in FIG. 12, links 932 are seen to form a continuous path across the stent from first end 973 to second end 974 of the stent.

[0080]FIG. 13 shows a portion of an inventive stent in the flat. As seen in FIG. 13, first shank 1036 of each link 1032 extends from a first region 1044 on a first band-like element 1052 and second shank 1040 of each link 1032 extends from a second region 1048 on an adjacent band-like element 1056, with second region 1048 situated substantially opposite first region 1044. First shanks 1036 and second shanks 1040 of each link 1032 are similarly oriented but displaced circumferentially by about one-half wavelength along band-like elements 1052 and 1056. Links in adjacent rows of links 1033 and 1035 are out of phase with one another.

[0081]FIG. 14 shows a portion of an inventive stent in the flat. As seen in FIG. 14, first shank 1136 of each link 1132 extends from a first region 1144 on a first band-like element 1152 and second shank 1140 of each link 1132 extends from a second region 1148 on an adjacent band-like element 1156, with second region 1148 situated substantially opposite first region 1144. First shanks 1136 and second shanks 1140 of each link 1132 are similarly oriented. Links in adjacent rows of links 1133 and 1135 are similarly oriented.

[0082] Although FIGS. 1-9 show a one to one correspondence between peaks and links, in a more general sense, fewer links may be used. For example, there may be one link for every two peaks. There must, however, be at least one link between every two adjacent bands. Stated differently, while in the embodiments shown in the figures the links are separated by one wavelength along the band-like elements, separations of greater than a wavelength including integral and non-integral wavelength separations are contemplated. As such, the number of links between any two adjacent bands will range from one link to the number of multiples of a wavelength that are present in the band-like element. Similarly the number of spaced generally longitudinal elements may range from one to the number of multiples of a wavelength that are present in the band-like element.

[0083] Further, while it is preferable for the band-like elements to be evenly spaced apart, it is not necessary. In the case where the bands are not evenly spaced, that is, different sets of adjacent bands are separated by different distances, the links may have differing wingspans (i.e. the distance from first shank to second shank). Moreover, even where the bands are evenly spaced apart, the links may have differing wingspans depending on where the shanks intersect the band-like elements.

[0084] It is understood that the present invention also contemplates substituting ‘U’ shaped links for zig-zag shaped links and vice versa as well as links with one or more bends therein. As such, the links shown in the various figures are all interchangeable, allowing for minor modifications to allow for the requisite orientation of the shanks. Preferably, the links will exhibit a degree of flexibility, thereby contributing to the overall flexibility of the cells.

[0085] Although most of the figures show the inventive stents in the flat for clarity, it is understood that the stents may be formed into as tubular shape by rolling the flat patterns shown about the longitudinal axis so as to bring the edges and together, as shown in FIG. 2. The edges may then be joined as by welding or the like to provide a configuration such as that showed in FIG. 2. The stents may also be formed of a laser-cut tube.

[0086] The invention further contemplates a radially expandable stent having first and second ends and comprising a plurality of spaced band-like elements forming a hollow cylinder, and a plurality of spaced generally longitudinal elements intersecting the bands and extending from one end of the stent to the other. The band-like elements are arranged sequentially along the cylinder. Each band-like element has a generally serpentine configuration to provide continuous waves of generally sinusoidal character to each band-like element. The waves are characterized by a plurality of peaks and troughs taking a generally longitudinal direction along the cylinder. Midway between the peaks and troughs is a midpoint region. Preferably, adjacent bands will be out of phase with each other by 180°.

[0087] The plurality of spaced generally longitudinal elements have alternating peaks and troughs and longitudinal transition regions midway between adjacent peaks and troughs. Each generally longitudinal element intersects each band like element in a region of intersection which includes a transition region of a longitudinal element and a midpoint region of a band. Each generally longitudinal element may, but need not be substantially perpendicular to each band like element in each region of intersection in the unexpanded stent. The longitudinal transition region of the longitudinal elements may be zig-zag shaped or substantially ‘S’ shaped.

[0088] The inventive stents are also designed so as to have desired shortening or lengthening characteristics upon radial expansion. The exact shortening or lengthening characteristics will depend on the placement of the shanks relative to the midpoint positions on the band-like elements between adjacent peaks and troughs. The midpoint position is defined to be the position midway between an adjacent peak and trough on a band-like element. One such midpoint is designated by numeral 126 in FIG. 1. When the first shank of each link is attached to a band-like element between a midpoint and a peak (i.e. closer to a peak than to a trough) and the second shank of each link is attached to a band-like element between a midpoint and a trough (i.e. closer to a trough than to a peak), the stent is expected to shorten as the links are placed in tension on expansion of the stent. If, on the other hand, the first shank of each link is attached to a band-like element between a midpoint 426 a and a trough 428 a and the second shank of each link is attached to a band-like element between a midpoint 426 a and a peak 424 a, as in FIG. 7a, the stent is expected to lengthen as the links are placed in compression on expansion of the stent. Of course, the exact lengthening or shortening characteristics will depend on other properties as well such as the material and construction including dimensions, geometry, morphology, configuration, functional behavior and mechanical behavior of the stent and in particular, the links.

[0089] Although all of the stents, with the exception of that shown in FIGS. 7a and 7 b, are shown with links emanating from midway between the peak region and the trough region of the band-like element, the invention contemplates the possibility of links emanating from anywhere between the peak and the trough region of a band so as to control shortening and lengthening characteristics of the stent.

[0090] As already indicated, this invention is applicable to self-expanding configurations, mechanically expandable configurations and to stents made of a wide variety of materials, including metal, plastic and any other material capable of functioning as an expandable stent. For example, the stent may be of metal wire or ribbon such as tantalum, stainless steel or the like or of metal sheeting or metal tubing. It may be thin-walled. It may be of shape memory alloy such as Nitinol or the like.

[0091] The figures disclosed herein are not intended to be limited to the stents shown but are further intended to convey equivalent structures such as stents which are the mirror images of an embodiment, and stents whose patterns may derived from the patterns shown here via a variety of symmetry operations such as reflections, rotations and inversions and combinations thereof about a given point, line or plane, as well as other equivalent structures.

[0092] The above Examples and disclosure are intended to be illustrative and not exhaustive. These examples and description will suggest many variations and alternatives to one of ordinary skill in this art. All these alternatives and variations are intended to be included within the scope of the attached claims. Those familiar with the art may recognize other equivalents to the specific embodiments described herein which equivalents are also intended to be encompassed by the claims attached hereto. 

What is claimed is as follows:
 1. A radially expandable stent having first and second ends, the stent having a longitudinal axis, comprising: a plurality of spaced band-like elements forming a hollow cylinder, the elements being arranged sequentially along the cylinder and each band-like element comprising one or more sub-elements having a generally serpentine configuration to provide continuous waves to each sub-element, the waves being characterized by a plurality of alternating peaks and troughs taking a generally longitudinal direction along the cylinder such that the waves in the sub-elements open as the stent is expanded from a first diameter to a second diameter; and adjacent band-like elements connected together by one or more links, each link having at least one bend therein and terminating in first and second shanks, the first shank of each link emanating from a region of attachment between a peak and trough on a sub-element of a band-like element and the second shank of each link emanating from a region of attachment between a peak and trough on a sub-element of an adjacent band-like element, the first shanks attached to any given sub-element of a band-like element being spaced substantially one wavelength or more apart along the sub-element of a band-like element and the second shanks attached to any given sub-element of a band-like element being spaced substantially one wavelength or more apart along the sub-element of the band-like element.
 2. The stent of claim 1 wherein each band-like element consists of one sub-element.
 3. The stent of claim 2 wherein each link extends from a region on a sub-element substantially midway between a peak and an adjacent trough to a region substantially midway between a peak and an adjacent trough on a sub-element of an adjacent band-like element.
 4. The stent of claim 3 wherein adjacent band-like elements are in phase with one another.
 5. The stent of claim 3 wherein adjacent band-like elements are out of phase with one another.
 6. The stent of claim 5 wherein adjacent band-like elements are out of phase with one another by about 180 degrees.
 7. The stent of claim 6 wherein the first and second shanks intersect with the band-like elements in a region of intersection and the first and second shanks are substantially perpendicular to the band-like elements in the region of intersection.
 8. The stent of claim 6 wherein the first and second shanks of each link extend from regions substantially opposite each other on adjacent band-like elements.
 9. The stent of claim 8 wherein all links are identically oriented.
 10. The stent of claim 9 wherein all links between a given band-like element and a first adjacent band-like element are identically oriented.
 11. The stent of claim 10 wherein all links between a given band-like element and a first adjacent band-like element are identically oriented and wherein all links between the given band-like element and a second adjacent band-like element are identically oriented and about 180° out of phase with respect to the links between the given band-like element and the first adjacent band-like element.
 12. The stent of claim 11 wherein the links are substantially ‘U’ shaped.
 13. The stent of claim 6 wherein the first shank of each link is circumferentially offset from the second shank of the link.
 14. The stent of claim 13 wherein the first shank and second shanks are oppositely oriented.
 15. The stent of claim 13 wherein the first shank of each link extends from a first region of intersection on a first band-like element and the second shank of each link extends from a region of intersection on an adjacent band-like element, the region of intersection on the adjacent band-like element situated opposite a region at least one half wavelength further along the first band-like element from the first region of intersection.
 16. The stent of claim 13 wherein the links are substantially ‘U’ shaped.
 17. The stent of claim 16 having a first band-like element, a last band-like element and one or more intermediate band-like elements wherein on each intermediate band, the regions of attachment of first and second shanks are separated by about one half wavelength.
 18. The stent of claim 13 wherein the links are substantially zig-zag shaped.
 19. The stent of claim 1 wherein each band-like element consists of two sub-elements.
 20. The stent of claim 19 wherein each band-like element comprises a first sub-element and a second sub-element, the second sub-element being 180 degrees out of phase relative to the first sub-element, the peaks of the first sub-elements connected to the troughs of the second sub-elements.
 21. The stent of claim 19 wherein adjacent band-like elements are in phase with one another.
 22. The stent of claim 21 wherein the links are substantially U-shaped.
 23. The stent of claim 22 wherein each shank emanates from a point substantially midway between a peak and an adjacent trough on a sub-element.
 24. The stent of claim 21 wherein the first shank of each link is circumferentially offset from the second shank of the link.
 25. The stent of claim 24 wherein the first shank of each link extends from a first region of intersection on a first band-like element and the second shank of each link extends from a region of intersection on an adjacent band-like element, the region of intersection on the adjacent band-like element situated opposite a region at least one half wavelength further along the first band-like element from the first region of intersection.
 26. The stent of claim 20 wherein all links between a given band-like element and a first adjacent band-like element are identically oriented and wherein all links between the given band-like element and a second adjacent band-like element are identically oriented and about 180° out of phase with respect to the links between the given band-like element and the first adjacent band-like element.
 27. The stent of claim 3 including a first band-like element, a last band-like element and one or more intermediate band-like elements, wherein each first shank attached to an intermediate band-like element is separated by about one-half wavelength from a second shank attached to the given band-like element.
 28. The stent of claim 3 including a first band-like element, a last band-like element and one or more intermediate band-like elements, wherein each first shank attached to an intermediate band-like element is transverse across the band-like element to a second shank attached to the given band-like element.
 29. The stent of claim 2 including a first band-like element, a last band-like element and one or more intermediate band-like elements, wherein for each first shank attached to an intermediate band-like element between a peak and a trough there is a second shank across the band-like element and displaced from the first shank and located between the peak and the trough.
 30. The stent of claim 1 wherein adjacent links are spaced one wavelength apart.
 31. A radially expandable stent having first and second ends, the stent having a longitudinal axis, the stent comprising: a plurality of spaced band-like elements forming a hollow cylinder, the band-like elements being arranged sequentially along the cylinder and each band-like element having a generally serpentine configuration to provide continuous waves of generally sinusoidal character to each band-like element, the waves being characterized by a plurality of alternating peaks and troughs taking a generally longitudinal direction along the cylinder, each peak and adjacent trough having a midpoint region midway between them, such that the waves in the band-like elements open as the stent is expanded from a first diameter to a second diameter; and one or more spaced generally longitudinal elements, the longitudinal elements extending from the first end of the stent to the second end of the stent and having alternating peaks and troughs and longitudinal transition regions midway between adjacent alternating peaks and troughs, each generally longitudinal element intersecting each band-like element between a peak and an adjacent trough on a band-like element, and between a peak and an adjacent trough of a longitudinal element, adjacent longitudinal elements intersecting each band-like element at least one wavelength apart along the band-like element.
 32. The stent of claim 31 wherein a given generally longitudinal element is substantially perpendicular to a given band like element in a given region of intersection.
 33. The stent of claim 31 wherein adjacent longitudinal elements are in phase with each other.
 34. The stent of claim 33 wherein adjacent band-like elements are 180 degrees out of phase with one another.
 35. The stent of claim 34 wherein the generally longitudinal elements extend diagonally from the first end to the second end of the stent.
 36. The stent of claim 34 wherein each generally longitudinal element extends from the first end of the stent to the second end of the stent in an overall direction substantially perpendicular to the bands and along the longitudinal length of the stent shaped.
 37. The stent of claim 34 wherein the longitudinal transition region is substantially ‘S’ shaped.
 38. The stent of claim 31 wherein adjacent longitudinal elements intersecting band-like elements are spaced substantially one wavelength apart or more along the band-like elements.
 39. An expandable stent having a first end and a second end and a longitudinal axis, the stent disposed in a longitudinal direction, the stent formed of a plurality of flexible connected primary cells, each primary cell comprising: a first member having first and second ends extending in a direction generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, the first member having a serpentine shape and having one peak and one trough, the peak and trough taking a generally longitudinal direction along the stent; a second member having first and second ends extending in a direction generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, the second member having a serpentine shape and having one peak and one trough, the peak and trough taking a generally longitudinal direction along the stent, the second member situated generally opposite the first member; a first link having a first end and a second end, the first link extending in a generally longitudinal direction, the first link having at least one bend therein, the first link disposed between the first end of the first member and the first end of the second member, the first end of the first link attached to the first end of the first member and the second end of the first link attached to the first end of the second member; and a second link having a first end and a second end, the second link extending in a generally longitudinal direction, the second link having at least one bend therein, the second link disposed between the second end of the first member and the second end of the second member, the first end of the second link attached to second end of the first member and the second end of the second link attached to the second end of the second member, the first and second links being in phase with each other, and wherein the primary cells are arranged in one or more primary bands and adjacent primary bands are interconnected.
 40. The stent of claim 39 wherein the first and second members are 180° out of phase with another.
 41. The stent of claim 40 wherein the first and second links are substantially ‘U’ shaped prior to expansion of the stent.
 42. The stent of claim 40 wherein the first and second links are substantially ‘S’ shaped.
 43. The stent of claim 39 wherein the first and second links attain an ‘M’ shape having first and second peaks and a trough therebetween upon expansion of the primary cells.
 44. The stent of claim 39 wherein the first and second links are substantially zig-zag shaped.
 45. The stent of claim 39 wherein the stent further comprises secondary cells arranged in secondary bands, the primary and secondary bands interconnected and alternating along the length of the stent.
 46. The stent of claim 45 wherein the secondary cells are diamond shaped.
 47. The stent of claim 39, each of the cells having: a first corner where the first end of the first link and the first end of the first member are attached; a second corner where the second end of the first link and the first end of the second member are attached; a third corner where the first end of the second link and the second end of the first member are attached; and a fourth corner where the second end of the second link and the second end of the second member are attached, and wherein the third and fourth corners of primary cells and the first and second corners of abutting primary cells in adjacent bands are displaced relative to one or another by half a primary cell.
 48. The stent of claim 39 wherein first links in adjacent bands are 180° degrees out of phase and second links in adjacent bands are 180° out of phase.
 49. The stent of claim 39, each of the cells having: a first corner where the first end of the first link and the first end of the first member are attached; a second corner where the second end of the first link and the first end of the second member are attached; a third corner where the first end of the second link and the second end of the first member are attached; and a fourth corner where the second end of the second link and the second end of the second member are attached, and wherein the third and fourth corners of primary cells and the first and second corners of abutting primary cells in adjacent bands are aligned with one another.
 50. The stent of claim 49 wherein first links in adjacent bands are 180° degrees out of phase and second links in adjacent bands are 180° out of phase.
 51. The stent of claim 1 made of a biocompatible material.
 52. The stent of claim 51 wherein the biocompatible material is a metal.
 53. The stent of claim 52 wherein the biocompatible material is nitinol.
 54. The stent of claim 52 wherein the metal is stainless steel.
 54. The stent of claim 1 wherein the links are substantially ‘U’ shaped.
 55. The stent of claim 1 wherein the links are substantially zig-zag shaped.
 56. The stent of claim 1 wherein the links are substantially ‘S’ shaped.
 57. A radially expandable stent having first and second ends, the stent having a longitudinal axis, the stent having a first length in an unexpanded state and a second length in an expanded state, the stent comprising: a plurality of spaced band-like elements forming a hollow cylinder, the elements being arranged sequentially along the cylinder and each band-like element comprising one or more sub-elements having a generally serpentine configuration to provide continuous waves to each sub-element, the waves being characterized by a plurality of alternating peaks and troughs taking a generally longitudinal direction along the cylinder such that the waves in the sub-elements open as the stent is expanded from a first diameter to a second diameter; and adjacent band-like elements connected together by one or more links, each link having at least one bend therein and terminating in first and second shanks, the first shank of each link emanating from a region of attachment between a peak and trough on a sub-element of a band-like element and the second shank of each link emanating from a region of attachment between a peak and trough on a sub-element of an adjacent band-like element, the first shanks attached to any given sub-element of a band-like element being spaced substantially one wavelength or more apart along the sub-element of a band-like element and the second shanks attached to any given sub-element of a band-like element being spaced substantially one wavelength or more apart along the sub-element of the band-like element whereby the second length of the stent is controlled by the positioning of adjacent first and second shanks along the band-like elements.
 58. The stent of claim 57 wherein each first shank is positioned closer to a trough than to a peak and each second shank is positioned closer to a peak than a trough, whereby the second length of the stent exceeds the first length of the stent.
 59. The stent of claim 57 wherein each first shank is positioned closer to a peak than to a trough and each second shank is positioned closer to a trough than a peak, whereby the first length of the stent exceeds the second length of the stent.
 60. The stent of claim 57 wherein the first and second shanks are positioned such that the first and second lengths of the stent are substantially the same.
 61. The stent of claim 60 wherein each first and second shank is positioned substantially midway between a peak and a trough. 